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\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0631\u0624\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u062d\u0633\u0628\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 (\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062f\u062e\u0644 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u060c \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629). <a href=\"#_ftn7\" name=\"_ftnref7\">[7]<\/a> \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629\u064b \u0628\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u063a\u0648\u0644\u0627\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0636\u062d \u0623\u0646 \u0632\u0627\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a. \u0641\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u062e\u0644\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0636\u062e\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0628\u0646\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0632\u0627\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0634\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062d\u0633\u0646\u062a \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0640\u0629<\/strong><strong>_<\/strong><strong> \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 <\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><strong>1. \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0636\u0628\u0637\u0647\u0627 (\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a)<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong> \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0646\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0644\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0642\u064e\u062f \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0635\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0642 \u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u064a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0643\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629. (\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631: \u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0629).<a href=\"#_ftn8\" name=\"_ftnref8\">[8]<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>2. \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u064a)<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u064f\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0650\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062f (\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641\u060c \u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629)\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0639.<a href=\"#_ftn9\" name=\"_ftnref9\">[9]<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>3. \u0627\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a)<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong> \u0635\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0639\u064a\u062f \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u062a\u0641\u0636\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0641\u062c\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0646. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648 \u064a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f.<a href=\"#_ftn10\" name=\"_ftnref10\">[10]<\/a><\/p>\n<h3><strong>\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0627<\/strong> <strong>\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><strong>1. \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong> \u0625\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u062e \u0645\u0644\u062e\u0651\u0635\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0642\u0651\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062d\u0641\u0629. (\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a).<a href=\"#_ftn11\" name=\"_ftnref11\">[11]<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>2. \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong> \u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0635\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0642 \u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0642 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0641\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0638\u0651\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629.<a href=\"#_ftn12\" name=\"_ftnref12\">[12]<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>3. \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong> \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0641\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a (\u062d\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a).<a href=\"#_ftn13\" name=\"_ftnref13\">[13]<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>4. \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0629<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong> \u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0636\u0631\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0642\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629.<a href=\"#_ftn14\" name=\"_ftnref14\">[14]<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>5. \u062a\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong> \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0636\u064a\u0641 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 (\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u062c\u062f\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629) \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0635\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645.<a href=\"#_ftn15\" name=\"_ftnref15\">[15]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0646 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0632\u0627\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 2025 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0644\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0651\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u061b \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0631\u063a\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644 \u0625\u0645\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u062a\u0645\u0646\u062d \u0644\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0651 \u062d\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0643\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644. \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0633\u062a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0634\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f. \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u064a\u0636\u0639 \u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0632\u0627\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062e\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062c\u062f\u062f. \u0625\u0646 \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0632\u0627\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0634\u0641\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a \u0641\u0639\u0651\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0647\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0647\u0634\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0643\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646: \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062b\u0648\u0628 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639<\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">[1]<\/a> International Monetary Fund. (2025, August 5). <em>Zambia: 2025 Article IV Consultation, Fifth Review under the Extended Credit Facility Arrangement, and Financing Assurances Review<\/em> (Staff Country Report No. 2025\/225). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5089\/9798229019378.002\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5089\/9798229019378.002<\/a><\/p>\n<p>International Monetary Fund. (2024, June 26). <em>Zambia: IMF Executive Board completes third review under the Extended Credit Facility and approves augmentation of the arrangement<\/em> (Press Release No. 24\/242). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/news\/articles\/2024\/06\/26\/pr-24242-zambia-imf-completes-3rd-review-under-ecf-and-approves-augmentation?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/news\/articles\/2024\/06\/26\/pr-24242-zambia-imf-completes-3rd-review-under-ecf-and-approves-augmentation<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\">[2]<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/zambia-china-critical-minerals-mining-us-2a74961247a3af62a6db9e49a9b01805\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/zambia-china-critical-minerals-mining-us-2a74961247a3af62a6db9e49a9b01805<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/china\/china-premier-makes-landmark-zambia-trip-west-vies-investment-foothold-2025-11-19\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/china\/china-premier-makes-landmark-zambia-trip-west-vies-investment-foothold-2025-11-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cnbcafrica.com\/2025\/china-signs-agreement-to-revamp-tazara-railway-in-zambia\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.cnbcafrica.com\/2025\/china-signs-agreement-to-revamp-tazara-railway-in-zambia<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\">[3]<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/markets\/commodities\/zambia-says-chinas-jchx-will-invest-300-mln-lubambe-copper-mine-2024-07-11\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/markets\/commodities\/zambia-says-chinas-jchx-will-invest-300-mln-lubambe-copper-mine-2024-07-11\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\">[4]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cnbcafrica.com\/2025\/china-signs-agreement-to-revamp-tazara-railway-in-zambia\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.cnbcafrica.com\/2025\/china-signs-agreement-to-revamp-tazara-railway-in-zambia<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/china\/china-premier-makes-landmark-zambia-trip-west-vies-investment-foothold-2025-11-19\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/china\/china-premier-makes-landmark-zambia-trip-west-vies-investment-foothold-2025-11-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref5\" name=\"_ftn5\">[5]<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/zambia-china-critical-minerals-mining-us-2a74961247a3af62a6db9e49a9b01805\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/zambia-china-critical-minerals-mining-us-2a74961247a3af62a6db9e49a9b01805<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/markets\/commodities\/zambia-says-chinas-jchx-will-invest-300-mln-lubambe-copper-mine-2024-07-11\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/markets\/commodities\/zambia-says-chinas-jchx-will-invest-300-mln-lubambe-copper-mine-2024-07-11\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref6\" name=\"_ftn6\">[6]<\/a> Mak, C. H. W. (2025). Sovereign debt restructuring in Zambia: A Chinese approach. In M. S. Erie (Ed.), <em>A Casebook on Chinese Outbound Investment: Law, Policy, and Business<\/em> (pp. 235\u2013247). Cambridge University Press. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/9781009457859.017\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/9781009457859.017<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref7\" name=\"_ftn7\">[7]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/zambia-china-critical-minerals-mining-us-2a74961247a3af62a6db9e49a9b01805\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/zambia-china-critical-minerals-mining-us-2a74961247a3af62a6db9e49a9b01805<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref8\" name=\"_ftn8\">[8]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/china\/china-premier-makes-landmark-zambia-trip-west-vies-investment-foothold-2025-11-19\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/china\/china-premier-makes-landmark-zambia-trip-west-vies-investment-foothold-2025-11-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cnbcafrica.com\/2025\/china-signs-agreement-to-revamp-tazara-railway-in-zambia\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.cnbcafrica.com\/2025\/china-signs-agreement-to-revamp-tazara-railway-in-zambia<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref9\" name=\"_ftn9\">[9]<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/markets\/commodities\/zambia-says-chinas-jchx-will-invest-300-mln-lubambe-copper-mine-2024-07-11\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/markets\/commodities\/zambia-says-chinas-jchx-will-invest-300-mln-lubambe-copper-mine-2024-07-11\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref10\" name=\"_ftn10\">[10]<\/a> Mak, C. H. W. (2025). <em>Sovereign debt restructuring in Zambia: A Chinese approach<\/em>. In M. S. Erie (Ed.), <em>A Casebook on Chinese Outbound Investment: Law, Policy, and Business<\/em> (pp. 235\u2013247). Cambridge University Press. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/9781009457859.017\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/9781009457859.017<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref11\" name=\"_ftn11\">[11]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.law.ox.ac.uk\/oblb\/blog-post\/2025\/10\/sovereign-debt-restructuring-zambia-chinese-approach\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/blogs.law.ox.ac.uk\/oblb\/blog-post\/2025\/10\/sovereign-debt-restructuring-zambia-chinese-approach<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref12\" name=\"_ftn12\">[12]<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/zambia-china-critical-minerals-mining-us-2a74961247a3af62a6db9e49a9b01805\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/zambia-china-critical-minerals-mining-us-2a74961247a3af62a6db9e49a9b01805<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref13\" name=\"_ftn13\">[13]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/markets\/commodities\/zambia-says-chinas-jchx-will-invest-300-mln-lubambe-copper-mine-2024-07-11\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/markets\/commodities\/zambia-says-chinas-jchx-will-invest-300-mln-lubambe-copper-mine-2024-07-11\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref14\" name=\"_ftn14\">[14]<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/zambia-china-critical-minerals-mining-us-2a74961247a3af62a6db9e49a9b01805\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/zambia-china-critical-minerals-mining-us-2a74961247a3af62a6db9e49a9b01805<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref15\" name=\"_ftn15\">[15]<\/a> International Monetary Fund. (2025, August 5). <em>Zambia: 2025 Article IV Consultation, Fifth Review under the Extended Credit Facility Arrangement, and Financing Assurances Review<\/em> (Staff Country Report No. 2025\/225). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5089\/9798229019378.002\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5089\/9798229019378.002<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">[1]<\/a> Cash, J. (2025, November 19). <em>Chinese premier makes landmark Zambia trip as West vies for investment foothold<\/em>. Reuters. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/china\/china-premier-makes-landmark-zambia-trip-west-vies-investment-foothold-2025-11-19\/?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/china\/china-premier-makes-landmark-zambia-trip-west-vies-investment-foothold-2025-11-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Xinhua. (2025, November 20). <em>Chinese premier arrives in Zambia for official visit<\/em>. Xinhua. <a href=\"https:\/\/english.news.cn\/20251120\/3b613835bfdb4e319075e2bf2da89848\/c.html?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/english.news.cn\/20251120\/3b613835bfdb4e319075e2bf2da89848\/c.html<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062a\u062f\u0631\u062c\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 -\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0631\u0648\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646- \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u062a\u0636\u0645 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0626\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0642\u0628 \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0632\u0627\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0641\u062c\u0631\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a 2020. \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0634\u0645\u0644\u062a [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":6674,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"cybocfi_hide_featured_image":"","iawp_total_views":7,"footnotes":""},"categories":[445,7],"tags":[],"country":[],"class_list":["post-6667","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-econo-trade","category-situation-report"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/alafarika.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6667","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/alafarika.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/alafarika.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alafarika.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alafarika.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6667"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/alafarika.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6667\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6669,"href":"https:\/\/alafarika.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6667\/revisions\/6669"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alafarika.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/6674"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/alafarika.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6667"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alafarika.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6667"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alafarika.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6667"},{"taxonomy":"country","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alafarika.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/country?post=6667"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}