{"id":4562,"date":"2021-02-01T03:32:55","date_gmt":"2021-02-01T03:32:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/theafrikans.com\/?p=4562"},"modified":"2026-02-02T11:27:53","modified_gmt":"2026-02-02T11:27:53","slug":"olaudah-equiano","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/alafarika.com\/ar\/4562\/olaudah-equiano\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0642\u0635\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 “\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0647 \u0625\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0648” \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0643\u0627\u0646 “\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0647 \u0625\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0648” (Olaudah Equiano) \u0628\u062d\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0637\u064e\u0641\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0650\u0642\u0651\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0646\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645, \u0648\u0646\u064f\u0642\u0650\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0628\u0650\u064a\u0652\u0639\u064e \u0644\u0636\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 (\u0625\u0646 \u0635\u062d \u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621<\/a> \u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629). \u0648\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649 “\u062d\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0647” \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1766\u0645, \u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0627\u0636\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0649 “\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642”, \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0647 \u0643\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0650\u0642\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0637\u0641\u064a\u0646.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

“\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0627 \u0636\u064f\u0631\u0650\u0628 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0637\u0651\u0645\u062a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0639\u0638\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0644\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0625\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u064a\u063a\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0631. \u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0642\u0651\u064e\u0627\u0621 […] \u064a\u0648\u0636\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0648\u0632\u0646\u0648\u0646\u061b \u062b\u0645 \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u062a\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u064a\u0647…”<\/p>\n\u2013 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0627\u062a “\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0647 \u0625\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0648”<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0641<\/strong> “\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0647”<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064f\u0644\u062f “\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0647 \u0625\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0648” \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1745\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0646\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627, \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0629 “\u0625\u064a\u0633\u0651\u0627\u0643\u0627” \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0628\u0648 (Ibo) \u0623\u0648 “\u0625\u0650\u0628\u064e\u0648\u0652\u0627\u064a” (Eboe). \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u063a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u062a\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0628\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064f\u0637\u0650\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0648\u0623\u062e\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0631\u0647 11 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0639\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0641\u0647 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 “\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0647” \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

“\u0641\u064a \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062e\u0631\u062c \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0634\u0639\u0628\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0628\u0652\u0642\u064e \u0633\u0650\u0648\u064e\u0627\u064a\u064e \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u062e\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644\u060c \u062a\u062e\u0637\u0649 \u0631\u062c\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0646\u0627 … \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0627. \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u062e\u062a\u064a (\u0639\u0646 \u0634\u0639\u0628\u0646\u0627) \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0649 \u0628\u0650\u064a\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a \u062a\u0627\u062c\u0631 \u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0632\u0648\u0651\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0644\u0633\u064a (\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642). \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u062f\u062a\u064f \u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0633\u062a\u0629 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u0633\u0641\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642.”<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

\u0646\u064f\u0642\u0650\u0644 “\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0647 \u0625\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0648” \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0645\u0651\u0627\u0647 “\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637” \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0644\u0633\u064a (\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u062d \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u063a\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629), \u0648 \u0628\u0650\u064a\u0652\u0639\u064e \u0644\u0645\u064f\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627, \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0647 “\u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644” \u0627- \u0644\u0636\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 – \u0643\u0640 “\u0647\u062f\u064a\u0629” \u0644\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 “\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0647”:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

“\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0633\u064f\u0645\u0651\u0650\u064a\u0652\u062a\u064f \u0628\u0640 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0644\u063a\u062a\u0646\u0627 (\u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0628\u0648) \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0651\u0628\u064b\u0627 (\u0641\u064a \u0631\u063a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629) \u0623\u0648 \u062b\u0631\u0648\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u0627 \u0645\u064f\u0641\u0636\u064e\u0651\u0644\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0635\u0648\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064d \u0648\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645.”<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646, \u0643\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a “\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642”\u061b \u0637\u0645\u0633 “\u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644” \u0627\u0633\u0645 “\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0647” \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a (\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0647 \u0625\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0648), \u0648\u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u0645\u0627 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a “\u063a\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0641\u0648\u0633 \u0641\u0627\u0633\u0627” (Gustavus Vassa). \u0648\u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647\u0631 “\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0647” \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 “\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0647” \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0650\u064a\u0652\u0639 \u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 (\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644), \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0651\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0626\u0639\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0633\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0642 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0633\u062a \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u0647 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0644\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0631\u064d \u0645\u0646 \u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u0647 \u0644\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0631 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 “\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0643\u064a\u0646\u063a” \u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0627. \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0643\u062b ” \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0647” \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0642.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0651\u0646 “\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0647” \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u064f\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0646\u062a\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062d\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 40 \u062c\u0646\u064a\u0647\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627 – \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0631\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064d \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u062a\u0630\u0627\u0643 – \u062c\u0645\u0639\u0647 “\u0625\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0648” \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0647 \u0625\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0648” \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0639\u0645\u0650\u0644 “\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0647” \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0642 \u0628\u062d\u0651\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 20 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0628 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0642\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u061b \u062a\u0646\u0635\u0651\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1759\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0651 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1768\u0645 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0645\u0647\u0646\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0646.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1773\u0645, \u0633\u0627\u0641\u0631 “\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0647” \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u0633\u0641\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 (HMS Racehorse<\/a>) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a \u0645\u0624\u062f\u064d\u0651 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f, \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0646\u0629 “\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0632 \u0625\u064a\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0646\u063a” \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1775 \u0648\u064f\u0638\u0651\u0641 “\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0647” \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 “\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0646\u063a” \u0648 “\u0623\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0644\u064a\u0631” \u0643\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 “\u0645\u0632\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a\u0629” \u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0646 \u0648\u0632\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0639 (\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0646) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0627\u0637\u0626 “\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0643\u064a\u062a\u0648” \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u062a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a \u0644\u0640 “\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0627\u063a\u0648\u0627” \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u062a\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 “\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0647” \u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 “\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a\u0629”\u061b \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0628\u0648, \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u064a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062c\u0646\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0650\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0633\u0647\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0631\u0639\u0629, \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 “\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0647” \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642 “\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0646\u063a” \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0646\u064a\u062f \u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 (\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0628\u0648) \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0631\u0642\u0651\u0627\u0621 \u062c\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u064f\u0636\u0627\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0623\u0646 “\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0647” \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 “\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a\u0629” \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0632\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0633\u0651\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629, \u0641\u063a\u0627\u062f\u0631 “\u0625\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0648” \u0634\u0627\u0637\u0626 “\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0643\u064a\u062a\u0648” \u0641\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 1776 \u0644\u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0641\u064a\u0646\u0629\u064d \u0633\u0627\u0641\u0631\u062a\u0652 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0628\u062d\u062b\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u062e\u0634\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0647\u0648\u062c\u0646\u064a. \u0648\u0641\u064a 7 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631 1777 \u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0648\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0636\u0627\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0623\u0646 “\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0647” \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0634\u0627\u0637\u0626 “\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0643\u064a\u062a\u0648” \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u0623 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u063a\u0627\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0650\u0642\u0651\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0631, \u0648\u063a\u0631\u0642 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0628\u0648 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u064a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0642.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0646\u062f\u0645 “\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0647” \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u063a\u0627\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0637\u0626, \u0648\u0634\u0639\u0650\u0631 \u0628\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u062f\u062b\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0641\u0639\u0647 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0651 \u0648 “\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647”.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062d\u0645\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0625\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0641 “\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642”<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631 “\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0647” \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0631\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u061b \u0623\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1783\u0645 \u0646\u0634\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621 “\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642” – \u0645\u062b\u0644 “\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0644 \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0628” – \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0634\u0647\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0652 \u0635\u062f\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621 “\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642” \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0623\u0633\u0633\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1787\u0645.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

“\u0643\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637\u061b \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0651 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631 \u0628\u062f\u062a\u0652 \u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 .. (\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627) \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062d\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0648\u0623\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 (\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0648\u062c) \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0642 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0645\u061b \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0633\u0648\u0649 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0651 \u0641\u0642\u0637. \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0647\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0641\u061b \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 (\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0647\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0628) \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0644\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0642\u0628\u064e\u0644 \u0623\u064a \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u064e\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0650\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629”.<\/p>\n– \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0627\u062a “\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0647 \u0625\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0648”<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 “\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0647” \u0623\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062e\u0628\u0631 “\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0628” \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0627\u0628\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0636 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627, \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0630\u0628\u062d\u0629 \u0633\u0641\u064a\u0646\u0629 “\u0632\u064f\u0648\u0646\u063a” \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0642\u0639\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1781\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0623\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0651\u062a \u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u061b \u0641\u0623\u0644\u0642\u0649 \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 131 \u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0628\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062d\u0645\u0644\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629, \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0651\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0646\u0629 – \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u063a\u0631\u0642\u0648\u0627 \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 – \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0646\u0629 – \u0644\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 “\u0627\u0644\u0634\u062d\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f\u0629”.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0633\u0648\u0621 \u0623\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0631\u064e\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0645 \u0633\u0641\u064a\u0646\u0629 “\u0632\u0648\u0646\u063a” \u062d\u064f\u0648\u0643\u0650\u0645\u064f\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1783\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 “\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u062a\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646” \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0642\u062a\u0644\u064d \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0632\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0639\u0637\u062a\u0652 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 “\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0647” \u0644\u0644\u062d\u062f\u062b \u062f\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621 “\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642” \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0647 \u0625\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0648” \u0648\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0634\u062c\u0651\u0639 \u0623\u0635\u062f\u0642\u0627\u0621 “\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0647” \u0648\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621 “\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642” \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0631\u064e\u0642\u0651\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0641\u0638\u064a\u0639\u0629, \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0646\u0639\u0629 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0647\u061b \u0641\u062a\u0644\u0642\u0651\u0649 “\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0647” \u062f\u0639\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0633\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0633, \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0648\u0651\u062c \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0636\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1789\u0645 – \u0623\u064a \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u064f\u0645\u0631 “\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0647” 44 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u060c \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0633\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u201cThe Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, the African. Written by Himself<\/a>\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 “\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0647” \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0628\u062d\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u061b \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a, \u0648\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0628\u0647\u0627 “\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642” \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629, \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0643\u062a\u0628\u0647\u0627 “\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642” \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0643\u064f\u062a\u0651\u0627\u0628 “\u0628\u064a\u0636” – \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644\u0647.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 “\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0647” \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0646 – \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0631\u0639\u064a, \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062e\u062f\u0645 “\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0647” \u0643\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a, \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643, \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0642\u062a\u0630\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u0640 “\u0633\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642”.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0635\u064f\u0646\u0651\u0650\u0641 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 “\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0647” \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a. \u0648\u0631\u0623\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 – \u0643\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a “\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f” \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0631\u064e\u0642\u0650\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 – \u064a\u0646\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 “\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f”, \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0623\u062b\u0652\u0628\u064e\u062a\u064e\u062a\u0652 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a “\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f” \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 “\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636”.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062f\u0651 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0635\u0644 “\u0625\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0648” \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062b\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0642\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0641 “\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0647 \u0625\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0648” \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0644\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0628\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0634\u0628\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0643\u064f\u062a\u0651\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0651\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1967\u0645\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u0627\u062f\u0651\u0639\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 “\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0647” \u062a\u0644\u0642\u0649 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0637\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0649 \u0628\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0644\u0648\u063a\u0647. \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0651 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0646 – \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0630\u0643\u0631 “\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0647” \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0642\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0647 – \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0628\u0648, \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0625\u064a\u062f\u0648 (Edo).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0641\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 “\u0641\u0646\u0633\u0646\u062a \u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0627” \u2013 \u0648\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0628\u0648\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629 “\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0647” \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0641\u0625\u0646 “\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0647” \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f “\u0633\u0627\u0648\u062b \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0627” \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 – \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0633\u062c\u0644\u064e\u0651\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0647 \u0648\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0634\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a \u064a\u0648\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 “\u0633\u0627\u0648\u062b \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0627” \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 “\u063a\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0641\u0648\u0633 \u0641\u0627\u0633\u0627”, \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0631\u062c\u0651\u062d “\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0647” \u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u2013 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0632\u0639\u0645\u0647\u0645.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 “\u0641\u0646\u0633\u0646\u062a \u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0627” \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647, \u0648\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 “\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062c\u0648\u064a” \u0648 “\u0623\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u062f” \u0648 “\u062f\u0648\u062c\u0644\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0632” \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 “\u0641\u0646\u0633\u0646\u062a” \u0634\u0643\u0648\u0643\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u062c\u0644\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u064a\u0641\u0642\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629, \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u0642\u0644\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0640 “\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642” \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631. \u0648\u062e\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 “\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0647” \u0648\u064f\u0644\u0650\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0629 “\u0625\u064a\u0633\u0651\u0627\u0643\u0627” \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0647, \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u064a\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0639\u0647 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627, \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062e\u0636\u0639 \u0639\u0645\u0644 “\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0647” \u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0632 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u2013 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0651\u0627.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 “\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0647 \u0625\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0648”<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u0648\u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f\u0651 \u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0631\u064a “\u0641\u064e\u0631\u064e\u0627\u064a\u0652\u062f\u064e\u064a\u0652 \u0623\u0648\u0646\u064a\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0623\u064e\u0648\u0652\u0632\u064a\u0631\u064a”:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

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\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0623\u0646 “\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0647” \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0649 \u0628\u0623\u062e\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0645\u0627\u060c \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064f\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u062f\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u064a \u0641\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u062a\u0647. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0645\u0651\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0632\u0639\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u062a\u0647.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0622\u062e\u0631, \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642 “\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0647” \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0646 \u0634\u0639\u0628\u0647 \u0648\u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629, \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062d\u0643\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0628\u0648 \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0642\u0650\u064a\u064e\u0645\u0647\u0645, \u0645\u064f\u0630\u0643\u0651\u0650\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u062a\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0636\u063a\u0631\u0647 \u0632\u064a\u0651\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0628\u0648 “\u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0646”.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0628\u0644 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u0651\u062f “\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0647” \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u0648\u0646 \u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0647, \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u0651\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0651\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0627\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 – \u0648\u0628\u064e\u0642\u0650\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 1897\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u063a\u0632\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u062d\u0631\u0642\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0633\u0631\u0642\u0648\u0627 \u0643\u0646\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0640 “\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0647”\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0627\u064a\u0634\u0629 \u0641\u064a “\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0644\u0645\u0629” \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0627\u064b\u061b \u0628\u0644 \u0647\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0632\u062a \u0628\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064e\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u0637\u0631\u0633. \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 “\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0647” \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u063a\u0636\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0642.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062c\u0645\u0639 “\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0647 \u0625\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0648” \u0639\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0651 \u0628\u062a\u0633\u0639 \u0637\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0628\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1792\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0645\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064b\u0627, \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0646\u064f\u0634\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 “\u0625\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0648” \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u061b \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1783\u0645\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 7 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0631\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642\u062a \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0633\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 1786\u0645 \u0639\u064f\u064a\u0650\u0651\u0646 \u0645\u0641\u0648\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646, \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0637\u064f\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u0648\u0623\u0641\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0646 “\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0647” \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0641\u064a\u0644\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u062a\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u0648\u0631\u062a, \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0648\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0646\u062c\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0631. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u062f\u0641\u0646 \u0641\u064a 6 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0643\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0640 \u0648\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0641\u064a\u0644\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0646\u0635\u0651\u062a \u0648\u0635\u064a\u0651\u0629 “\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0647” \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0628\u0646\u062a\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0647 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0628\u0644\u0648\u063a \u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0634\u062f (21 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0622\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0643)\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0645\u0646\u062d \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u062b\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0635\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0628\u0646\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u0631\u0649 “\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627” \u0648\u0631\u062b\u062a \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a 21 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0648 950 \u062c\u0646\u064a\u0647 \u0625\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a (\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 73,300 \u062c\u0646\u064a\u0647 \u0625\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2019) \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u062a\u0647, \u0648\u062a\u0632\u0648\u062c\u062a \u0642\u0633\u064b\u0651\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0634\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0639\u0649 “\u0647\u0646\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0644\u064a”.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

*\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Alexander X. Byrd.(2006). “Eboe, Country, Nation, and Gustavus Vassa’s Interesting Narrative” Archived 5 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine, William and Mary Quarterly 63(1), 123\u2013148<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00a0Carretta, Vincent (2005). Equiano, the African: Biography of a Self-Made Man. University of Georgia Press. p. xv<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Douglas Chamber.(2007). “Almost an Englishman”: Carretta’s Equiano: https:\/\/bit.ly\/3o6ermu<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

O. S. Ogede, (1991). “‘The Igbo Roots of Olaudah Equiano’ by Catherine Acholonu” Archived 23 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, 61(1)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Olaudah Equiano (1745 \u2013 1797): https:\/\/to.pbs.org\/35dDLyf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Onyeoziri, Friday (2008). “Olaudah Equiano: Facts about his People and Place of Birth,” Human Architecture: Journal of the Sociology of Self-Knowledge, 6(4).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paul E. Lovejoy.(2006). “Autobiography and Memory: Gustavus Vassa, alias Olaudah Equiano, the African”, Slavery and Abolition 27(3), 317\u2013347.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00a0The Life of Olaudah Equiano, second edition: https:\/\/bit.ly\/3dCVUta<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

  \u0643\u0627\u0646 “\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0647 \u0625\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0648” (Olaudah Equiano) \u0628\u062d\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0637\u064e\u0641\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0650\u0642\u0651\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0646\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645, \u0648\u0646\u064f\u0642\u0650\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0628\u0650\u064a\u0652\u0639\u064e \u0644\u0636\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 (\u0625\u0646 \u0635\u062d \u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629). \u0648\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649 “\u062d\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0647” \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1766\u0645, \u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0627\u0636\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0649 “\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":5097,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"cybocfi_hide_featured_image":"","iawp_total_views":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[11],"tags":[28,30,31,33,64,113,170,218,243,263],"country":[],"class_list":["post-4562","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-book-review","tag-eboe","tag-gustavus-vassa","tag-ibo","tag-olaudah-equiano","tag-64","tag-113","tag-170","tag-218","tag-243","tag-263"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/alafarika.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4562","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/alafarika.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/alafarika.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alafarika.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alafarika.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4562"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/alafarika.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4562\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6832,"href":"https:\/\/alafarika.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4562\/revisions\/6832"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alafarika.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/5097"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/alafarika.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4562"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alafarika.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4562"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alafarika.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4562"},{"taxonomy":"country","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alafarika.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/country?post=4562"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}