{"id":4553,"date":"2020-06-22T00:23:00","date_gmt":"2020-06-22T00:23:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/theafrikans.com\/?p=4553"},"modified":"2026-02-02T17:47:01","modified_gmt":"2026-02-02T17:47:01","slug":"%d9%82%d8%b6%d9%8a%d9%91%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%8e%d8%a7%d8%ac%d9%90%d9%8a%d8%b1%d9%90%d9%8a-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d9%86%d9%8a%d8%ac%d9%8a%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a7-%d8%a8%d9%8a%d9%86-%d9%85%d8%b7%d8%b1%d9%82","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/alafarika.com\/ar\/4553\/%d9%82%d8%b6%d9%8a%d9%91%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%8e%d8%a7%d8%ac%d9%90%d9%8a%d8%b1%d9%90%d9%8a-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d9%86%d9%8a%d8%ac%d9%8a%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a7-%d8%a8%d9%8a%d9%86-%d9%85%d8%b7%d8%b1%d9%82\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064e\u0627\u062c\u0650\u064a\u0631\u0650\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u064e\u0644\u0652\u0645\u064e\u0627\u062c\u0650\u064a\u0631\u0650\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0646\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u062a\u062c\u062f\u0651\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a, \u0648\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u064d, \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u064f\u0639\u0646\u064e\u0649 \u0628\u0640 “\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064e\u0627\u062c\u0650\u064a\u0652\u0631\u0650\u064a” (Almajiri System) \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u064e\u0644\u0652\u0645\u064e\u0627\u062c\u0650\u0631\u064e\u0627\u0646\u0652\u0633\u064a (Almajiranci) \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 (\u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0628) \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u064a\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646. \u0648 “\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0631\u064a” \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0647\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 “\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0647\u064e\u0627\u062c\u0650\u0631” \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629, \u0648\u062c\u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627 “\u0627\u064e\u0644\u0652\u0645\u064e\u0627\u062c\u0650\u064a\u0631\u064e\u0627\u064a\u0652”(Almajirai) (1). \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 “\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0631\u064a” \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0633\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0644\u0642\u0651\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629, \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064e\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0628\u0647\u0627 “\u0645\u064e\u0627\u0644\u064e\u0645\u0652” (Malam) \u2013 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u062d\u0650\u0651\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629(2).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643, \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629(3), \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 “\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0631\u064a” \u0648\u0642\u0631\u0651\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u062c\u0626 \u062a\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 “\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0631\u064e\u0627\u064a\u0652” \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649, \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 “\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648” \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 “\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0648 \u0633\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0633\u064a” \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0631\u064a, \u0628\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0627\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u062f\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0644\u0639\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0634(4).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0631\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 “\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0631\u064a” \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 “\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0645” \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627, \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u062f\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064f\u062c\u0651\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 “\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0646\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0627” (Tsangaya) \u2013 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642. \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0643\u0641\u0651\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0628\u0635\u062f\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645, \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u064a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0643\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639(5).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0634\u0647\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e “\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0641\u0648\u062f\u064a” \u0648\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 “\u0633\u0648\u0643\u0648\u062a\u0648” \u0639\u0627\u0645 1803\u0645 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0632\u0632\u062a\u0652\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0631\u064a\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0651\u0634\u0648\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 (\u0628\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645) \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629(6).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0648\u0642\u062a\u0630\u0627\u0643\u061b \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0627\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0622\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0629, \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0645, \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062c\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 “\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0646\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0627” \u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a\u0630\u0627\u0643 \u0648\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 (\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0645- \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0646\u0648 \u0648\u0633\u0648\u0643\u0648\u062a\u0648) \u0648\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u061b \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062d\u0638\u0649 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0650\u0631\u0641 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062d\u062a\u0652\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0633\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639\u064a \u0623\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u064a\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u064f\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u064a\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629, \u0648\u062e\u0631\u0651\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u064f\u062a\u0651\u0627\u0628(7).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u0644\u063a\u062a\u0652 \u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0643\u0648\u062a\u0648 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u063a\u0632\u0648\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1903\u0645 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627, \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u062d\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0641\u0645\u0648\u0651\u0644\u062a \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 “\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b” \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0628\u0640 “\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a”” (Karatun Boko) \u0623\u0648 “\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a”, \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0651\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0651\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645, \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646(8).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 “\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0646\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0627”\u061b \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629 – \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0632\u0648\u064a\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645, \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0646\u064a\u062f \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0644 “\u062c\u0648\u0633”. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0632\u0648\u0651\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c\u062a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u2013 \u0628\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646(9).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0636\u0627\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0651\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629, \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 “\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0636\u0631\u0629” \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u062a\u0648\u063a\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0651\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0645\u00a0 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0651\u0647 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u062b\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u0644\u064d \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643, \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0628\u0623\u0646 “\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a” \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064d \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0644\u0642\u0651\u0648\u0646 “\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a” \u0633\u064a\u0641\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062f\u0641\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0644\u0640 “\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629” \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u062b \u0645\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u063a\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062b\u0651\u0631\u062a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u061b \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0623\u0647\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642 \u0628\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0640 “\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064e\u0627\u062c\u0650\u064a\u0652\u0631\u0650\u064a”, \u0648\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0634\u0647\u0631\u0629 “\u0627\u064e\u0644\u0652\u0645\u064e\u0627\u062c\u0650\u064a\u0631\u064e\u0627\u0646\u0652\u0633\u064a”, \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0639\u064a\u064b\u0651\u0627 (kudin sati) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u062c\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064d \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0651\u0644 \u0646\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0634\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629, \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0651\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u062c\u0648\u0621 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u0651\u0644 – \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0633\u0628 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631\u062a \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0631\u064e\u0627\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064d \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628(10).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0633 \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0631\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 “\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0631\u064a” \u0643\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u0641\u0635\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627\u061b \u0641\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0651\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644, \u0648\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0639\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0641\u0636\u0651\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0648\u062a \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0624 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0646, \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u062e\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064e\u0627\u062c\u0650\u064a\u0652\u0631\u064e\u0627\u064a\u0652 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645\u064a\u0647\u0645.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u0641\u064a 10 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644 2012\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0639\u0651\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645(11), \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 “\u063a\u0648\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u062c\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062b\u0627\u0646” \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0647 \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u062f\u0645\u062c\u0647 \u0645\u0639 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u061b \u0641\u0623\u0646\u0641\u0642 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 2012\u0645 \u0648\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 2015\u0645 \u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0628\u0644\u063a\u0647 15 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 157 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 “\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0646\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0627” \u0645\u062c\u0647\u0651\u0632\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629(12).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 “\u062c\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062b\u0627\u0646” \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628\u062a \u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u0648\u064f\u0635\u0650\u0641\u062a \u0628\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0632 \u0628\u0642\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062e\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u062a\u0630\u0627\u0643\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0647\u062c\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u064e\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062e\u0633\u0631 “\u062c\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062b\u0627\u0646” \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a 2015\u0645(13).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0628\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644 2015\u0645 \u2013 \u0623\u064a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0641\u0627\u0632 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 “\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631\u064a”\u061b \u0635\u0631\u0651\u062d \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c “\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0648 \u0643\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0648” \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0642\u062f \u0637\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 “\u062c\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062b\u0627\u0646” \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062c\u0650\u064a\u0631\u064e\u0627\u064a\u0652(14), \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0632\u0651\u0632 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u062a \u0644\u062a\u0632\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0645\u0631\u0634\u0651\u062d\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0636\u0644(15).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0625\u0630 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 “\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631\u064a” \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0645\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 “\u062c\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062b\u0627\u0646” \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0631\u064a, \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u060c “\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0648 \u064a\u0627\u0643\u0627\u0633\u0627\u064a” \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 “\u0625\u0647\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a”, \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0628\u0634\u062f\u0629 \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0651\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 “\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631\u064a” \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645(16).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0631\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062d\u062f\u0651\u062f \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a, \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0621 “\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0648\u0646\u0648” \u0641\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2019\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0631\u064a, \u0648\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0643\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u062e\u0635\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646. \u0648\u0623\u064a\u0651\u062f\u0647 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u064f \u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0642\u0644\u0642\u0647\u0645 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0643\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u0651\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0631\u064e\u0627\u064a\u0652 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629(17).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 4 \u0625\u0644\u0649 7 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a\u061b \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u064a\u0636\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0643\u0623\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0647\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0639. \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062c\u0648\u0651\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 70 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0631 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 13.2 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0637\u0641\u0644, \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 45 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627(18).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u060c \u064a\u0641\u0636\u0651\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u064a\u0641\u0636\u0651\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0644\u0631\u063a\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627, \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0646 \u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u064a\u062e\u0641\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629, \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0623\u064f\u0633\u064e\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u0639 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627(19).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644\u061b \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0631\u064e\u0627\u064a\u0652, \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0636\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0641\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631 “\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0648” \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0646\u064f\u0635\u0650\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0631\u0634 \u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2014\u0645 \u0648\u0639\u064f\u0632\u0650\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 2020\u0645 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0622\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u064f\u0635\u0650\u0641\u062a \u0628\u0640 “\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629” \u0648 “\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629”\u061b \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0651 \u064a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u064a “\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0628 \u0628\u0647\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629”, \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0651\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0623\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0631\u0651\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627(20).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0640\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0631\u064e\u0627\u064a\u0652 \u0628\u0640 “\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0648 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0645”<\/strong> <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u0643\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062f-19 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0631\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u0648\u0625\u0630 \u0643\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0633\u0628\u0651\u0628 \u0635\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628(26)\u061b \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0648\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u064f\u062c\u0631\u0650\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633, \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0625\u0646 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0631, \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0639 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0644(27).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1 – Bashir Liman Mashema, Abdurrhman Ibrahim Idria, & Yawale Musa. “The Challenges Of Almajiri System Of Education To Social Peace In Nigeria: A Cross-Sectional Investigation.” International Journal of Innovative Research and Advanced Studies, (Vol. 5, Issue 8, 2018). P. 44-50.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2- \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3\u00a0 – M.A. Yusha\u2019u, A.K. Tsafe, S.I. Babangida, N.I. Lawal. “Problems and prospects of integrated almajiri education in northern Nigeria.” Scientific Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, (Vol. 2, No. 3 2013), P. 125-134.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4 – \u062d\u0643\u064a\u0645 \u0646\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646. ” \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648 “\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0633\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0633\u064a” \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a.” \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629, 12 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 2020. (\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a 18 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 2020): https:\/\/bit.ly\/3elAZdr<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5\u00a0 – Idris A. AbdulQadir. \u201cThe Almajiri System of Education in\u00a0 Nigeria Today.\u201d Gamji, (Retrieved 18 June 2020): https:\/\/bit.ly\/37Ynaj7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00a06 – \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

7 – Cheta Nwanze. \u201cHistory of the Almajiri system in Nigeria.\u201d The Guardian Nigeria, 29 May 2019. (Retrieved 18 June 2020): https:\/\/bit.ly\/2V7kDhg<\/p>\n\n\n\n

8 – Taiwo, Fowoyo Joseph. “Transforming the Almajiri education for the benefit of the Nigerian society.” Journal of Educational and Social Research, (Vol. 3, No. 9, 2013), P. 68.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00a09 – \u00a0\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Idris A. AbdulQadir. \u201cThe Almajiri System of Education in\u00a0 Nigeria Today.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

10- \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00a0 – Taiwo, Fowoyo Joseph. “Transforming the Almajiri education for the benefit of the Nigerian society.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

11\u00a0 – Abdussalam Amoo. \u201cMulti-Million Naira Almajiri Model School Built By Jonathan Govt. Abandoned, Rotting Away.\u201d REMOP,19 Feb 2019. (Retrieved 18 June 2020): https:\/\/bit.ly\/3hNklWn<\/p>\n\n\n\n

12 – \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

13\u00a0 – The Cable. \u201cKwankwaso: Almajiri votes kicked Jonathan out.\u201d 13 April 2015, (Retrieved 19 June 2020): https:\/\/bit.ly\/2NinD68<\/p>\n\n\n\n

14\u00a0 – ThisDay. \u201cNigeria: Almajiri As Assets and Curses\u201d, 22 May 2020, (Retrieved 19 June 2020): https:\/\/bit.ly\/2YPSEUe<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00a015 – Business Day Nigeria. \u201cThe Almajiri system: Northern political class and Sanusi\u2019s lone voice\u201d, 23 Febuary 2020, (Retrieved 19 June 2020): https:\/\/bit.ly\/3dhAAYh\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

16 – \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

17\u00a0 – \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

18\u00a0 – \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00a0-Bashir Liman Mashema, Abdurrhman Ibrahim Idria, & Yawale Musa. “The Challenges Of Almajiri System Of Education To Social Peace In Nigeria: A Cross-Sectional Investigation.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00a019 – \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Business Day Nigeria. \u201cThe Almajiri system: Northern political class and Sanusi\u2019s lone voice\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

20\u00a0 – Omeni, Akali. “The Almajiri in Northern Nigeria: Militancy, perceptions, challenges, and state policies.” African Conflict and Peacebuilding Review (Vol 5, No. 2, 2015), P. 128-142.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00a021 – Isichei, Elizabeth. \u201cThe Maitatsine Risings in Nigeria 1980-85: A Revolt of the Disinherited.\u201d Journal of Religion in Africa (Issue No. 17, Vol. 3, 1987), P. 194\u2013208.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00a022 – Hannah Hoechner. “Traditional Quranic students (almajirai) in Nigeria: Fair game for unfair accusations?.” In \u201cIslamism, politics, security and the state in Nigeria\u201d. African Studies Centre (ASC) Institut Fran\u00e7ais de Recherche en Afrique (IFRA), West African Politics and Society Series (Vol. 2, 2014), P. 63-84.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00a023 – Adrian Kriesch & Jan-Philip Scholz. \u201cNigeria’s Almajiri schools: recruitment ground for terrorists?.\u201d Deutsche Welle, 26 March 2014, (Retrieved 19 June 2020): https:\/\/bit.ly\/3eg9Fxk<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00a024 – ThisDay Newspaper. \u201cEditorial: COVID-19 AND ALMAJIRI PROBLEM.\u201d (Retrieved 19 June 2020): https:\/\/bit.ly\/2YlmWis<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00a025 – ReliefWeb. \u201cThe Almajiri Situation\u201d, 14 May 2020, (Retrieved 19 June 2020): https:\/\/bit.ly\/3en72d7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

26 – Punch. \u201cAlmajirai migration to South-East is like biological warfare \u2013Uwazurike\u201d, 24 May 2020, (Retrieved 20 June 2020): https:\/\/bit.ly\/37Nckfo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

27 – Channels Television . \u201cReps Ask FG To Stop Repatriation Of Almajiri Children\u201d, 12 May 2020. (Retrieved 20 June 2020): https:\/\/bit.ly\/2Boa2HC<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u064e\u0644\u0652\u0645\u064e\u0627\u062c\u0650\u064a\u0631\u0650\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0646\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u062a\u062c\u062f\u0651\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a, \u0648\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u064d, \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628. \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0639\u0646\u064e\u0649 \u0628\u0640 “\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064e\u0627\u062c\u0650\u064a\u0652\u0631\u0650\u064a” (Almajiri System) \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u064e\u0644\u0652\u0645\u064e\u0627\u062c\u0650\u0631\u064e\u0627\u0646\u0652\u0633\u064a (Almajiranci) \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 (\u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0628) \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u064a\u0626 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":5105,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"cybocfi_hide_featured_image":"","iawp_total_views":10,"footnotes":""},"categories":[443],"tags":[24,25,43,138,145,173,252,277],"country":[],"class_list":["post-4553","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-edu-techno","tag-almajiranci","tag-almajiri-system","tag-tsangaya","tag-138","tag-145","tag-173","tag-252","tag-277"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/alafarika.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4553","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/alafarika.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/alafarika.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alafarika.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alafarika.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4553"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/alafarika.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4553\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6967,"href":"https:\/\/alafarika.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4553\/revisions\/6967"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alafarika.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/5105"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/alafarika.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4553"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alafarika.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4553"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alafarika.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4553"},{"taxonomy":"country","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alafarika.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/country?post=4553"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}