{"id":4503,"date":"2021-01-31T03:16:54","date_gmt":"2021-01-31T03:16:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/theafrikans.com\/?p=4503"},"modified":"2026-05-13T14:04:21","modified_gmt":"2026-05-13T14:04:21","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ab%d9%82%d8%a7%d9%81%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%81%d8%b1%d9%8a%d9%82%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a8%d9%8a%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d8%ae%d8%b0-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%b7%d8%a7%d8%a1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/alafarika.com\/ar\/4503\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ab%d9%82%d8%a7%d9%81%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%81%d8%b1%d9%8a%d9%82%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a8%d9%8a%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d8%ae%d8%b0-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%b7%d8%a7%d8%a1\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0621"},"content":{"rendered":"\r\n

\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u0627<\/a><\/p>\r\n

\u0625\u0646\u064e\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u064e\u0651\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u064e\u0651\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0632\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0650\u0651\u0645\u0627\u062a\u064d \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u064e\u0651\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0650\u0651\u062f\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627. \u0644\u0643\u0646\u064e\u0651\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0633\u062a\u0623\u0646\u0633 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0628\u064a\u062f\u0646\u0652\u063a\u0652\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u064e\u0651\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627: “\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u064d \u0645\u064e\u0651\u0627\u060c \u062a\u0634\u0628\u0639 \u062d\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0650\u0651\u0646\u064f\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u0628\u0628\u064a\u0626\u062a\u0647”.[1]<\/a> \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u064c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064f\u0651\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0645\u064e\u0651\u0627 \u0646\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0633\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u064d\u060c \u064a\u0634\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u062c\u062f\u064a! \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646\u064e\u0651 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064e\u0651\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u064c \u0645\u064e\u0651\u0627 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064d \u0648\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0650\u0651\u062f\u0627\u062a\u064d \u062e\u0627\u0635\u064e\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0645\u064a\u0650\u0651\u0632\u0629 \u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644\u064c \u0641\u064a \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a\u064d \u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0646\u064e\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629\u064c \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a\u064d \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0646\u062e\u0644\u064f\u0635 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064d \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064e\u0651\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062b\u064e\u0651\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629: \u0623\u0647\u064a \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062d\u064e\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0645 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a\u061f \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646\u061b \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062c\u0632\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u064f\u0647\u064f\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u064e\u0651 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062d\u064e\u0651\u062f\u0629\u064d\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0630\u0644\u0643.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0646\u0644\u062d\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064e\u0651\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 (Culture<\/em>) \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0650\u0651\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0634\u0631 (Greenwood) \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064f\u0651\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629\u061b \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646: “Culture and Customs of Africa”\u061b \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0641\u0631\u062f\u062a \u0644\u0643\u0644\u0650\u0651 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u064d \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064e\u0651\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c[2]<\/a> \u0648\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u064e\u0651\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064e\u0651\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062d\u0631\u064e\u0651\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u062c\u0652([3]<\/a>). \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u064e\u0651\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0632\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0643\u0650\u0651\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0639\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0632\u0652\u0645 (Panafricanism<\/em>)\u060c \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644: Guy Hunter (1963), Z. Ademuwagun (1963), Cheikh Anta Diop (1962), (P. Bohannan (1971), E. O. Ayisi (1972) etc, .<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u0648\u0646\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064e\u0651\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u064f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u0650\u0651\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0634\u064a\u062e \u0623\u0646\u062a\u0627 \u062f\u064a\u0648\u0628\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u064e\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649\u060c “\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u064e\u0651\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627”.[4]<\/a> \u0648\u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0635\u0631\u064e\u0651\u062d \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0647:<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

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“\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u062a\u064f \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u064e\u0651\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u0644\u062a \u062d\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0645\u064e\u0638\u0652\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0644\u0650\u0651\u0644”.[5]<\/p>\r\n– \u0634\u064a\u062e \u0623\u0646\u062a\u0627 \u062f\u064a\u0648\u0628<\/cite><\/blockquote>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0631\u0641\u0636\u064b\u0627\u061b \u0628\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0647 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064e\u0651\u0646\u0648\u064f\u0651\u0639\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0636\u062f\u064f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0644\u0652\u0628\u064a (David Dalby)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0635\u0631\u064e\u0651\u062d \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0625\u0646\u064e\u0651\u0647..<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

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“\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u060c \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u0643\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0650\u0644 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629\u064b (\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629) \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u064e\u0651\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629”([6]).<\/p>\r\n– \u062f\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0644\u0652\u0628\u064a<\/cite><\/blockquote>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u060c \u0646\u062c\u062f \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0645\u064e\u0651\u0646 \u064a\u0630\u0647\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u062f\u0650\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u064e\u0651\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639 (Cultures<\/em>) \u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064e\u0651\u0646\u0648\u064f\u0651\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064e\u0651\u0639\u062f\u064f\u0651\u062f. \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0626\u0643: Murdock 1959, C. M. Turbull 1962, G. Hunter 1963, J. Middleton 1970, etc..<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u062a\u0648\u064a\u064a\u0646\u0652 \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627 (Toyin Falola)\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u064e\u0651 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064e\u0651\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u062f\u0642\u064f\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0650\u0651\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064e\u0651\u0646\u0648\u064f\u0651\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 800 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u063a\u0629. \u0644\u0643\u0646\u064e\u0651 \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064e\u0651\u062d\u0630\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u061b \u0644\u0623\u0646\u064e\u0651\u0647 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0648\u062d\u064a \u0628\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u064d \u0645\u0636\u0644\u0650\u0651\u0644\u060c “may convey a misleading nottion<\/em>“([7]<\/a>). \u0641\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0644\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064e\u0651\u062d\u0627\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0627\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u064f\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u064e\u0651 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u064e\u0646 \u0637\u064f\u0631\u0642 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627\u061b \u062a\u0628\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0650\u0651 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627([8]<\/a>). \u0648\u0637\u0628\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u064a\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0641\u0648\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0633 (Meyer Fortes) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u062f\u0650\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064e\u0651\u0648\u062d\u064f\u0651\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u064e\u0651\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0645\u062b\u0650\u0651\u0644 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u062e\u0648\u0646\u0652\u063a\u0652 (!Khung)\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u064b\u0627 “\u0628\u0648\u0634\u0652\u0645\u0646\u0652” \u0641\u064a \u0635\u062d\u0627\u0631\u0649 \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064f\u0651\u0639\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064f\u0651\u062d\u064e\u0651\u0644\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0626\u0643 \u2013\u0639\u0646\u062f \u0641\u0648\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0633\u0652- \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a.. “\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u063a\u0646\u064b\u0649\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0651\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u064b\u0651\u0627 \u0648\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0651\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627” ([9]<\/a>).<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0626\u0643\u060c \u064a\u0639\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064e\u0651\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0650\u0641\u064e\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639 (cultures<\/em>)\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u0650\u0651\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u064a\u062e\u0635\u0650\u0651\u0635\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 “Cultural Areas<\/em>“\u061b \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u064e\u0651\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a\u064d \u0625\u062b\u0646\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b: \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u064a\u0648\u0631\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u064e\u0651\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u062d\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a…. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0630\u0647\u0628\u062a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0646\u062f\u0648\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0631\u0627 (1980\u0645)\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064e\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u064e\u0651 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 “\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062d\u064e\u0651\u062f\u0629”\u060c \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629 (Cultural Areas).[10]<\/a> \u0647\u0630\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0622\u062b\u0631 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0650\u0651\u064a\u063a\u062a\u064e\u064a\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u060c \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0652 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c[11]<\/a> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0625\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0652([12]<\/a>) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0645\u0652\u0628\u0650\u064a\u062a\u064a([13]<\/a>), \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0628\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062c\u064a([14]<\/a>). \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u064e\u0651\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0644\u064d\u0651\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u064e\u0651 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064e\u0651\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u064e\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0646\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064e\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646\u064e\u0651\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u064e\u0651\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u0625\u0646\u064e\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0641\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u064e\u0651\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

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\u062c_ \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064f\u0651\u063a\u0629:<\/strong> \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064e\u0651\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062d \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064f\u0651\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u062a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a \u0642\u062f \u0623\u062d\u062f\u062b\u0648\u0627 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 “\u0628\u0648\u0631\u0642\u064a” \u0648\u0635\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0644\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 (2500) \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0648\u0631\u0628\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0625\u064a\u0628\u0648\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0646\u063a \u0648(Ewe, Twi)\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629([27]<\/a>). \u0647\u0630\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629 \u062f\u062e\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a (Lorenzo Turner, d.1972 )\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0633\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a (David Dalby)([28]<\/a>).<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627: \u0641\u064a \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u064f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u064e\u0651\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0623\u0642\u062f\u064e\u0645\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0642\u064e\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627\u061b \u0628\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629\u064d \u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064e\u0651\u062f\u062f \u062a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064e\u0651\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f “\u0639\u0628\u064a\u062f” \u0623\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0650\u0651\u064a\u0646\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0633\u0648\u0646\u063a (Sung Dynasty, 976 A.D.)\u060c \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645 “K\u2019un lun<\/em>” \u0623\u064a: \u0633\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0648\u062f. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064e\u0651\u0648\u0627\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u064f\u0651 \u0645\u0633\u062c\u064e\u0651\u0644\u064c \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u064e\u0651 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a\u064d \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0645\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0632\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u062f\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0627\u064a\u064f\u0632\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0651\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u064f\u0651 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0632\u064e\u0651\u0623 \u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0633\u064a\u0648\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0628\u062c\u0632\u0631 (Ari Atoll, Feridu) \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a\u064c \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629\u064c \u064a\u064f\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0631\u064f\u0648 (baburu<\/em>)\u060c \u0648\u0641\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645\u064f\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u064f\u0645\u064e\u0651\u0627\u0646. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064e\u0651\u0642\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064e\u0651\u0639\u0628\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0641\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629 “bodu-beru<\/em>” \u0623\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064e\u0651\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064e\u0651\u0642\u0635\u0629 “baburu lava<\/em>” \u0623\u064a: \u0623\u063a\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064f\u0651\u0646\u0648\u062c\u060c \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u064f\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u064e\u0651\u0642\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064e\u0651\u0639\u0628\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u062c\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0641 ([29]<\/a>).<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0623\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 (Gujarat, Kamataka, Maharashta, Goa)\u060c \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0650\u0651\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0646 (Srilanka)\u060c \u062a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u062f\u064e\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627: “coffers\/kafra\/kaffirs\/habshi<\/em>“\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0641\u062f\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064f\u0651\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064e\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0641\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1724\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u064f\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u064e\u0651\u0627\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0642\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064e\u0651\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0641\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062f\u0631 \u0622\u0628\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645 “\u0634\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0634” \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629. \u0623\u0645\u064e\u0651\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064e\u0651\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0626\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0642\u0635\u0627\u062a\u064d \u0648\u0623\u063a\u0627\u0646\u064d\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0630\u0643\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u0627\u0634\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627: (Manhas<\/em>) \u0648\u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u064e\u0651 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064e\u0651\u0642\u0635\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u063a\u0627\u0646\u064a (Baila<\/em>) \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629([30]<\/a>).<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u0647\u0630\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0630\u0643\u0651\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a (Van Goens Junior) \u0623\u0646\u064e\u0651 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0632\u0646\u062c\u064a\u064b\u0651\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 forteress \u0628\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0652\u0628\u0648 \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1675-1680\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629\u064c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u061b \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064f\u0651\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0650\u0651\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062d\u062f\u062b\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0627\u0647\u064f\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064f\u0651\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0650\u0651\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0646\u062a\u062c\u062a \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629\u064c \u062a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0628\u0640(Afro-Sri Lankans)([31]<\/a>). \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u064e\u0651 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629 \u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0628\u0627\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u0648\u0634\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0640(Seedee, Sheedi, Makrani, Gulam, Zangibari) \u0645\u0646: “\u0633\u064a\u062f” \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0648\u063a\u064e\u0651\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064f\u0651\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u062f \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f (\u062a1856\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0633\u0648\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0651\u0629 \u0622\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0643 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0639\u064f\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0626\u0643 \u0625\u0633\u0647\u0627\u0645\u064c \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u064c\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064e\u0651\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0633\u0648\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0642\u0635\u0627\u062a\u064c \u0648\u0641\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u0623\u0645\u064e\u0651\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u064e\u0651 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u062f\u064d \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0625\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0640”Orang Belanda Hitam<\/em>” \u0623\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u064f\u0651\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064f\u0651\u0648\u062f\u061b \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0645\u062c\u064a\u0626\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0650\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0632\u0648\u064e\u0651\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0626\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0633\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u064e\u0651\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0633\u064a\u0648\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u063a\u0634\u0642\u0631 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u064e\u0651\u0629.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u0627\u0644\u062b\u064e\u0651\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u064e\u0651\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064f\u0651\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u064e\u0651 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u0623\u062e\u0630\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u2013\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644- \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u064e\u0651\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064f\u0651\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0650\u0651\u060c \u062a\u0643\u0641\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064f\u0651\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u062b\u064e\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a: \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u062d\u0644\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648\u0633\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0646\u063a \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0627\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0648\u0646\u0646\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a([32]<\/a>) \u0648\u062f\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u063a\u064f\u0648\u0645\u0652\u0628\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u063a\u0627\u0646\u0627([33]<\/a>), \u0645\u064f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0647\u0652 (Mossi)\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0627\u0633\u0648([34]<\/a>), \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627([35]<\/a>) \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064c \u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0648\u064f\u0648 \u0628\u0640”\u0637\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0646” \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a\u060c (flood of words<\/em>).[36]<\/a> \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064c \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u064d\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064f\u0651\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u064e\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0628\u0640”\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0627\u062a\u0644\u0629” (Glottophagous, Killer Languages<\/em>).[37]<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064c \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0650\u0651\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0635\u064f\u0648\u064e\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064f\u0651\u0631 \u0641\u0646\u0650\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064e\u0651\u0631\u0643\u0634\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064e\u0651\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064e\u0651\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0647\u0648\u0633\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u062c\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u064a\u0648\u0631\u0628\u0627 \u0648\u0646\u064f\u0648\u0628\u064a (Nupe)\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u064a\u0635\u0646\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u0645\u0634\u0629 \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631\u064c \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629 \u064a\u064f\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 “\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0633\u0652\u0643\u0652”\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u064e\u0651\u062c\u0645\u0627\u062a([38]<\/a>). \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u064f\u0634\u062a\u064e\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0645\u0637\u0631\u064e\u0651\u0632\u0627\u062a “\u0637\u0650\u0644\u0652\u0628\u0650\u064a” (<\/strong>tilbi\/tirbi<\/em><\/strong>)\u060c <\/strong>\u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u064c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064e\u0651\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064e\u0651\u0631 \u0628\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0628\u0643\u062a\u0648 \u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0650\u0651\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064e\u0651\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0650\u0651 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u060c \u0646\u062c\u062f \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064e\u0651\u0631\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0650\u0651\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0650\u0651. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0647\u064e\u0648\u0652\u0633\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0640: “\u0623\u0648\u0646\u0652\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0652\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a”\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064e\u0651\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u064f\u0651 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u064f\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647 “\u0628\u0648\u0631\u064a” \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a([39]<\/a>) \u0648\u0628\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0650\u0651\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u062c\u062f \u0623\u0646\u064e\u0651.. “\u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0635\u064f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0650\u0651\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0629\u064c \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629”. \u0648\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0633\u062c\u064e\u0651\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0646\u063a\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u062d\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u062d\u0644\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0632\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0648 (Zaramo)\u060c \u0628\u062a\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627([40]<\/a>) \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0652\u062a\u0632 \u0623\u0646\u064e\u0651 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a (98%) \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064e\u0651\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0650\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0632\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0648 \u0647\u0645 \u0634\u064a\u0648\u062e\u064c \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646([41]<\/a>).<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644\u060c \u0646\u062c\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0650\u0651 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0650\u0651\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0648-\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0644\u064a\u064f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a “\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u064a\u062f” \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u064e\u0651\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0627 (Salvador) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u064e\u0631\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062c\u062f \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0650\u0651\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0648-\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0644\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0648-\u0646\u0648\u0641\u0648 (1912\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 (Abeokuta) \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0631\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0622\u0628\u0648\u0645\u064a (Abomey)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 (Modakeke) \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0650\u0651\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0631\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064b\u0651\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u064e\u0651 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0650\u0651\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0635\u064f\u0651 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u062d\u0633\u0628.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n

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[1]<\/a> Piddington, Introduction ot Social Anthropology, (London: Oliver & Boyd, 1950), p.3.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

[2]<\/a> \u00a0\u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0650\u0651\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u0634\u0645\u0644\u062a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u062e \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0627\u062c \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0652\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0642\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0636\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064e\u0651\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644\u064a.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

[3]<\/a> Encyclopedia of , Willie F. Page, Facts on File, 2001, (5 volumes).<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

[4]<\/a> Cheikh Anta Diop, L\u2019unite Culturelle de l\u2019Afrique noire: Domaines du patriarcat et du matriarcat dans l’antiquit\u00e9 classique, (Paris: Presence Africaine, 2e \u00e9d. 1982).<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

[5]<\/a> Anta Diop, the cultural unity of negro, 7.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

[6]<\/a> Benjamin Nimer, Distinctive Characteristics and Common Features of African Cultures, The International Journal of African Historical Studies, <\/em>Vol. 22, No. 1 (1989), 145-147, (18).<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

[7]<\/a> Falola, Toyin. The Power of African Cultures, (University Rochester Press, 2008), 3.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

[8]<\/a> Victor B. Kapela. Dialectics of Praxis and Theoria in African Philosophy: An Essay on Cultural Hermeneutics, (African Books Collective, 2011), 27.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

[9]<\/a> Meyer Fortes. Introduction, in: Eric O. Ayisi. An Introduction to the Study of African Culture, (East African Publishers, 1992), ix.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

[10]<\/a> Benjamin Nimer, Distinctive Characteristics, Op. Cit. 18.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

[11]<\/a> Dan Fulani. \u201cAfrican Religion in Scholarship: A Critique\u201d in: Adogame et al. Religion in the context of African migration, 9, 23, 25.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

[12]<\/a> E. B. Idowu. African Tradional Religion: A Definition, London: SCM Press, 1973, xi.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

[13]<\/a> John, S. Mbiti. An Introduction to African Religion, (Heinemann, 1990). Also: African Religions and Philosophy.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

[14]<\/a> E. Bolaji, \u201cThe Study of Religion with Special reference to African Traditional Religion\u201d, ORITA, I, (1), 1967: 1.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

[15]<\/a> Heine and Nurse (ed). African Languages: An Introduction, (Cambridge Unv. Press, 2002), 1.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

[16]<\/a> Simpson, Andrew. Language and National Identity in Africa, (Oxford University Press, 2008), 172-198.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

[17]<\/a> Researches in African Literatures, Vol.35, AFRICAN AND AFRO-AMERICAN STUDIES, University of Texas, 2004, 178.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

[18]<\/a> Huylebrouk, Dirk. 138.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

[19]<\/a> Zaslavsky, Claudia. Af. Counts.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

[20]<\/a> Joanne B. Eicher & Sandra Lee Evenson. The Visible Self: Global Perspectives on Dress, Culture and Society, (Bloomsbury Publishing USA, 4th ed., 2014), 185.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

[21]<\/a> Joseph E. Holloway. The power Africanisms in American Culture, (Indiana University Press, 2005). (436 pages)<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

[22]<\/a> Falola, The Power of African Culture, Op. Cit., 283.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

[23]<\/a> Larry A. Nichols,\u00a0George Mather,\u00a0Alvin J. Schmidt (ed). Encyclopedic Dictionary of Cults, Sects, and World Religions: Revised Edition, (Zondervan, 2010).<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

[24]<\/a> Rick Duncan. Man, know Thyself, (Xlibris Corporation, 2013), 173.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

[25]<\/a> Gaoussou Diawara, Abubakari II, Explorateur Mandingue.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

[26]<\/a> Sertima, Ivan Van. They Came Before Columbus: The African Presence in Ancient America, Random House Trade Paperbacks, 1976).<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

[27]<\/a> John T. Schneider, Dictionary of borrowings in Brazilian Portuguese, (Buske Verlag, 1991).<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

[28]<\/a> Geneva Smitherman. Talkin and Testifyin: The Language of Black America, (Wayne State University Press, 1977).<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

[29]<\/a> Jayasuriya, Shihan de Silva. Identifying Africans in Asia: What’s in a Name?, African and Asian Studies, Vol.5 (3-4), Brill, 2006. 276-301.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

[30]<\/a> Jayasuriya, Shihan de Silva. African Migrants as Cultural brokers in South Asia, FRAS, Institute of Commonwealth Studies, University of London, \u00a0http:\/\/portal.unesco.org\/culture\/en\/files\/38505\/<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

[31]<\/a> Ibid., 283.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

[32]<\/a> R. D. Abubakre, \u201cSurvival of Arabic in Difficult Terrains\u201d, University of Ilorin, 2002.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

[33]<\/a> Salifu, Nantogma Alhassan. \u00ab\u00a0The Influence of Islam on the Culture and Language of the Dagomba of Northern Ghana\u201d, Maghreb Review<\/em>, Vol.37, No.3-4, 349.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

[34]<\/a> Gaston Canu, \u201cRemarqes sur quelques emprunts lexicaux en More\u201d, The Journal of West African Language, Vol.5, No.1.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

[35]<\/a> Sergio Baldi. Dictionnaire des emprunts arabes dans les langues de l\u2019Afrique de l\u2019Ouest et en Swahili, (Paris\u00a0: Karthala, 2008), 662p.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

[36]<\/a> Adewuni Salawu. \u201cThe Spread of Revealed Religions in West Africa and Its implications for the Development of Translation\u201d, Journal of Translation<\/em>, Vol.3, No.2, 2007, 30.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

[37]<\/a> Cecile B. Vigouroux, Salikoko S. Mufwene. Globalization and Language Vitality\u00a0: Perspectives from Africa, 171.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

[38]<\/a> Colleen E. Kriger, Cloth in West African History, 69.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

[39]<\/a> Abdalla, Ismail Husein. (1981), Islamic Medicine and Its Influence on Traditional Hausa, 101.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

[40]<\/a> Lloyd, w. Swantz. The Medicine man among the Zaramo people, 39.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

[41]<\/a> Lloyd, w. Swantz. The Medicine man among the Zaramo people, 166 (footnote).<\/p>\r\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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