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href=\"#_ftn2\"><strong><sup><strong><sup>[2]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/strong><\/a>\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629<a href=\"#_ftn3\"><strong>[3]<\/strong><\/a>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1- \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">2- \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062b\u0627\u0642 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has-medium-font-size wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1- \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0645\u0648\u0636 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645\u064a\u0629(1963 \/1976):<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00a0\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0646<a href=\"#_ftn8\"><strong>[8]<\/strong><\/a> \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0645\u0648\u0636 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 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href=\"#_ftn12\"><strong>[12]<\/strong><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 1970-1972 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0641\u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 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class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0623\u0633\u0641\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u062a\u0627\u062d: &#8220;<em>\u0628\u0623\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0633\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0644\u0643\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0645 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\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0648\u064a<a href=\"#_ftn19\"><strong>[19]<\/strong><\/a>\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0633\u064a\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631 1976 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0623\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0646 23 \u0641\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 1 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641\u060c \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621<a href=\"#_ftn20\"><strong>[20]<\/strong><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1976\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0623\u0641\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631 1976\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649<a href=\"#_ftn21\"><strong>[21]<\/strong><\/a>\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 24 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f 29 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 \u0628\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u062a\u062e\u0630 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062f \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 &#8220;\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 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( \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629) \u0639\u0642\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 &#8220;\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062c\u0644 \u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0648\u064a&#8221;<a href=\"#_ftn24\"><strong>[24]<\/strong><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0648\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u062f \u0633\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u064a\u062b\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u0633\u0627\u0621\u060c 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class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0639\u0645\u062f\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0631\u0641\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062a \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0625\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 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class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648\u060c \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 23 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 1980 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0645 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629&#8221; \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634 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class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0641\u062a\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0637\u0631\u062d\u062a \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0631\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 1963<a href=\"#_ftn45\"><strong>[45]<\/strong><\/a> \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0639\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629(26 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0644 50)\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 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href=\"#_ftn55\"><strong>[55]<\/strong><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 &#8220;\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0639\u062f \u0623\u062d\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0639 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u064a\u0642\u0641 \u062d\u062c\u0631\u0629 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\u0634\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0631 1963 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u0633\u062d\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0648\u0646\u0628\u0631 1984 \u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062e\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0627\u0639 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a&#8221; \u0644\u0642\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0623\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 (&#8230; \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0642\u0644 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0643\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u0633\u0646\u0638\u0644 \u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629)<a href=\"#_ftn84\">[84]<\/a>. \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0633\u062d\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u0645\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\/\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u00a0 \u062a\u0646\u062c\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u062f \u062d\u0644 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u064a\u062b\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0628\u062f\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0634<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1- \u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b \u0623\u0645\u0629\u060c \u062c 24\u060c \u062c 26 \u0648 \u062c 27.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">2- \u0628\u0637\u0631\u0633 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062c\u0644\u0648 \u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 .1974<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">3- \u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0637\u060c 1984.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">4- \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u0642\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 .2002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">5- \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0631\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0637 1\u060c .2003<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">6- \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0629 20 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0637\u060c 1984.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">7- \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">8- \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u064a\u0633\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0636\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0639\u062f\u062f 69\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0632 1982.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1- Ahmed Amjad, L\u2019Etat des travaux portant sur la r\u00e9vision de la charte \u00a0d\u2019Addis Abiba, Memoires d\u2019\u00e9tudes sup\u00e9rieurs science politique, Universit\u00e9 Mohamed V, 1985.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">2- AHG\/Res 103. AHG\/Res 103.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">3- Benmassoud Tr\u00e9dano, le Sahara Marocaine, une d\u00e9colonisation pas comme les autres, imprimerie Maarif eljadida, Rabat, 1991<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">4- Edmond\u00a0 Jouve, L\u2019O.U.A, presses universitaires de France, Paris, 1984.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">5- Elmojahid, 26\/ 27, Juin, 1981.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">6- Hammad\u00a0 Zouitni, Le Maroc dans les organisations r\u00e9gionales politiques\u00a0:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 L.E.A\/O.U.A\/O.C.I, th\u00e8se de doctorat d\u2019\u00e9tat en droit public, Casablanca, 1998<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">7- Kabbaj Tawfiq, l\u2019Afrique du Sahara occidental, Abidjan, 1981.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">8- Le Monde, du 22\/23\/7\/1979.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">9- le Monde 13 Septembre, 1980.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">10-\u00a0 Le Monde, 28\/29 juin, 1981.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">11- Le Monde, 25\/02\/1982.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">12- Le monde, 12\/13 juin 1982.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">13- P.F.Gonidec, L\u20190.U.A 30 ans apr\u00e8s l\u2019Unit\u00e9 Africaine, Paris, Editions Karthala, 1993.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">14- Raoul\u00a0 weexsteen, L\u20190.U.A\u00a0 et\u00a0 la question Saharienne in Annuaire de L\u2019Afrique du Nord,\u00a0 Editions C.N.R.S, Paris 1979.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">15- T.Goudou, l\u2019OUA et l\u2019admission de la\u00a0 RASD le Mois en Afrique, octobre, novembre 1982.<\/p>\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\" \/>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref1\"><strong>[1]<\/strong><\/a> &#8211; Ahmed Amjad, L\u2019Etat des travaux portant sur la r\u00e9vision de la chart d\u2019Addis Abiba, Memoires d\u2019\u00e9tudes sup\u00e9rieurs science politique, universit\u00e9 Mohamed V, 1985, p: 363-364.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref2\"><strong>[2]<\/strong><\/a> -Edmond\u00a0 Jouve, L\u2019O.U.A, presses universitaires de France, Paris, 1984,\u00a0 p\u00a0: 141.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref3\"><strong>[3]<\/strong><\/a> &#8211; A.Amjad, op, cit, p: 364.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref4\"><strong>[4]<\/strong><\/a> &#8211; \u0628\u0637\u0631\u0633 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062c\u0644\u0648 \u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 1974\u060c \u0635: 446.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref5\">[5]<\/a> &#8211; \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1966 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0629 ( \u0625\u0641\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\/\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629&#8230;) \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1984 \u0641\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0639\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0633\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref6\"><strong>[6]<\/strong><\/a> &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u0642\u0645 1914\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 15 \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 15\/12\/1964. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u0642\u0645 72\/20\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 20 \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 24\/12\/1965. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 2229\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 21 \u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 1966. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 2354 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 22\u060c 19 \u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 1967. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u0642\u0645 2591\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 24 \u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 1969.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref7\"><strong>[7]<\/strong><\/a> &#8211; \u0628\u0637\u0631\u0633 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629&#8230;. \u0646.\u0645.\u0633.\u0635: 444.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref8\"><strong>[8]<\/strong><\/a> &#8211; \u0628\u0637\u0631\u0633 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0646.\u0645.\u0633.\u0635: 444. \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0631\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0637 1\u060c 2003\u060c \u0635: 140.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hammade \u00a0Zouitni, Le Maroc dans les organisations r\u00e9gionales politiques\u00a0: L.E.A\/O.U.A\/O.C.I, th\u00e8se de doctorat d\u2019\u00e9tat en droit public, Casablanca, 1998, p\u00a0: 145.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref9\"><strong>[9]<\/strong><\/a> &#8211; \u062a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0628\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0639 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0642\u0627\u060c \u0646\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627\u060c \u063a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0623\u0648\u063a\u0646\u062f\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0648\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u062a \u0628\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1963.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref10\"><strong>[10]<\/strong><\/a> -Raoul weexsteen, L\u20190.U.A et la question Saharienne in Annuaire de L\u2019Afrique du Nord, Editions C.N.R.S, Paris 1979, p: 218.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref11\"><strong>[11]<\/strong><\/a> &#8211; \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a \u0646.\u0645.\u0633\u060c \u0635: 140.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref12\"><strong>[12]<\/strong><\/a> &#8211; \u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0637\u060c 1984\u060c \u0635: 339.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref13\"><strong>[13]<\/strong><\/a> &#8211; \u0627\u0646\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0646\u0648\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0628\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 14 \u0634\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0631 1970 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref14\"><strong>[14]<\/strong><\/a> &#8211; \u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0646.\u0645.\u0633\u060c \u0635: 340.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">R\u00a0.Weexsteen, op, cit, p\u00a0: 219.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref15\"><strong>[15]<\/strong><\/a> &#8211; \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0646.\u0645.\u0633. : 142.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref16\"><strong>[16]<\/strong><\/a>&#8211; E. Jouve, op, cit, p\u00a0: 142.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref17\"><strong>[17]<\/strong><\/a> &#8211; R. Weexsteen, op, cit, p: 220.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref18\"><strong>[18]<\/strong><\/a> &#8211; R. Weexsteen, op, cit, p: \u00a0223. E. Jouve, Op, cit, p\u00a0: 142.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref19\"><strong>[19]<\/strong><\/a> &#8211; \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 14\u064819 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631 1976\u060c \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ahmed Amjad, op, cit, p: 370.\u00a0 R.Weexsteen, op, cit, p: 224.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref20\"><strong>[20]<\/strong><\/a> &#8211; E. Jouve, op, cit, p\u00a0: 134. H. Zouitni, op, cit, p\u00a0: 285.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref21\"><strong>[21]<\/strong><\/a> &#8211; Ahmed Amjad, op, cit, p: 371.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref22\"><strong>[22]<\/strong><\/a> &#8211; H. Zouitni, op, cit, p\u00a0: 146. E. Jouve, op, cit p\u00a0: 143.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref23\"><strong>[23]<\/strong><\/a> -Ibid. \u00a0R.Weexsteen, op, cit p\u00a0: 227.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref24\"><strong>[24]<\/strong><\/a> &#8211; \u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0629 29 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0628 \u0633\u062a\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref25\"><strong>[25]<\/strong><\/a> &#8211; \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062b\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0623\u0648 \u062b\u0644\u062b\u064a \u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref26\"><strong>[26]<\/strong><\/a>&#8211; Jouve, op, cit, p: 144. H.Zouitni, op, cit, p: 146.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref27\"><strong>[27]<\/strong><\/a> &#8211; A. Amjad, op, cit, p: 371.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref28\"><strong>[28]<\/strong><\/a> &#8211; H.Zouitni, op, cit, p\u00a0: 146.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref29\"><strong>[29]<\/strong><\/a> &#8211; A. Amjad, oip, cit, \u00a0p\u00a0: 371.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref30\"><strong>[30]<\/strong><\/a> &#8211; R.Weexsten, op, cit, p\u00a0: 228. A. Amjad, op, cit, p\u00a0: 371.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref31\"><strong>[31]<\/strong><\/a> &#8211; A.Amjad, op,cit, \u00a0p\u00a0: 371.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref32\"><strong>[32]<\/strong><\/a>&#8211; H. Zouitni, op, cit, p\u00a0: 146.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref33\"><strong>[33]<\/strong><\/a> &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0646\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u064a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0642\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u062d\u0642 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 &#8220;\u0644\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0648\u064a&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref34\">[34]<\/a>&#8211; \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0649 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u063a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0631\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0628\u0633\u0646\u062c\u0648 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0646\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0647\u0648\u0641\u0648\u064a\u062a \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062c \u0648\u0646\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u062a\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref35\"><strong>[35]<\/strong><\/a> &#8211; R. Weexsten, op, cit, p\u00a0: 232- 233.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref36\"><strong>[36]<\/strong><\/a> &#8211; H. Zouitni, op, cit, p\u00a0: 147.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref37\"><strong>[37]<\/strong><\/a> -A. Amjad, op, cit, p: 372.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref38\"><strong>[38]<\/strong><\/a> &#8211; E. Jouve, op, cit, p\u00a0: 145.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref39\"><strong>[39]<\/strong><\/a> &#8211; Le Monde, du 22\/23\/7\/1979.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref40\"><strong>[40]<\/strong><\/a> &#8211; \u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0646.\u0645.\u0633.\u0635: 353.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref41\"><strong>[41]<\/strong><\/a> -H.Zouitni, op, cit, p\u00a0: 147.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref42\"><strong>[42]<\/strong><\/a> -H.Zouitni, op, cit, p\u00a0: 147 et Kabbaj Tawfiq, l\u2019Afrique du Sahara occidental, Abidjan, 1981, p\u00a0: 534.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref43\"><strong>[43]<\/strong><\/a> &#8211; \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0646.\u0645.\u0633.\u0635: 354.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref44\"><strong>[44]<\/strong><\/a> &#8211; \u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0646.\u0645.\u0633\u060c \u0635: 355.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 . H.Zouitni op, cit, p\u00a0: 148<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref45\"><strong>[45]<\/strong><\/a> &#8211; \u00a0\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 28 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u064a\u062b\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0645: \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref46\"><strong>[46]<\/strong><\/a> &#8211; \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u064a \u0632\u064a\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0648\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0642\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0639\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref47\">[47]<\/a> &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 4: &#8220;\u0644\u0643\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0639\u0636\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref48\">[48]<\/a> &#8211; \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0646.\u0645.\u0633\u060c \u0635: 179 .<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0&#8211; A.Amjad, op, cit, p\u00a0: 378-383. \u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8211; P.F.Gonidec, L\u20190.U.A 30 ans apr\u00e8s l\u2019Unit\u00e9 Africaine, Paris, Editions Karthala, 1993, \u00a0p\u00a0: 115.\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref49\"><strong>[49]<\/strong><\/a> -E.Jouve, op, cit, p\u00a0: 146.\u00a0 H.Zouitni, op, cit, p : 184.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref50\"><strong>[50]<\/strong><\/a> -A.Amjad, op, cit, p: 373.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref51\"><strong>[51]<\/strong><\/a> &#8211; \u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0646.\u0645.\u0633.\u0635: 355.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref52\"><strong>[52]<\/strong><\/a> &#8211; \u0633\u062a\u064a\u0641\u0646\u0633 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0649 \u0627\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0645\u062b\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref53\"><strong>[53]<\/strong><\/a> &#8211; \u062d\u0636\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 120 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0648 \u0642\u062f \u0636\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0645\u062b\u0644\u064a \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref54\"><strong>[54]<\/strong><\/a> &#8211; le Monde 13 Septembre, 1980, p\u00a0: 4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref55\"><strong>[55]<\/strong><\/a> &#8211; \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0635: 7. \u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b \u0623\u0645\u0629\u060c \u062c26\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 1982\u060c \u0635: 232.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref56\"><strong>[56]<\/strong><\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b \u0623\u0645\u0629\u060c \u062c 24\u060c 1982\u060c \u0635: 236-237.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref57\"><strong>[57]<\/strong><\/a> &#8211; \u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0646.\u0645.\u0633.\u0635: 360.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref58\"><strong>[58]<\/strong><\/a> &#8211; \u0636\u0645\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629: \u063a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0646\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref59\"><strong>[59]<\/strong><\/a> -H.Zouitni, op, cit, p\u00a0: 149.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref60\">[60]<\/a> -H. Zouitni, op, cit, p\u00a0: 149.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref61\">[61]<\/a>&#8211; E. Jouve, op, cit, p\u00a0: 147.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref62\">[62]<\/a> &#8211; E. Jouve, op, cit, p\u00a0: 146.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref63\">[63]<\/a> &#8211; Elmojahid, 26\/ 27, Juin, 1981, p\u00a0: 12.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref64\">[64]<\/a>&#8211; Le Monde, 28\/29 juin, 1981, p\u00a0: 24.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref65\">[65]<\/a> -AHG\/Res 103, p\u00a0: 2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref66\">[66]<\/a> &#8211; \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062d\u062b\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0646.\u0645.\u0633\u060c \u0635: 195.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref67\">[67]<\/a> &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u0642\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 2002\u060c \u0635: 200.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref68\">[68]<\/a> &#8211; \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref69\">[69]<\/a> &#8211; E. Jouve, op, cit, p\u00a0: 147\/148.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref70\">[70]<\/a> &#8211; Le Monde, 25\/02\/1982, p\u00a0: 8.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref71\">[71]<\/a> &#8211; E. Jouve, op, cit, p\u00a0: 149.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref72\">[72]<\/a> &#8211; Le monde, 12\/13 juin 1982, p\u00a0: 26.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref73\">[73]<\/a>&#8211; \u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0646.\u0645.\u0633.\u0635: 404.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref74\">[74]<\/a> &#8211; \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b \u0623\u0645\u0629\u060c \u062c.27 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1983\u060c \u0635: 224.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref75\">[75]<\/a> &#8211; \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635: 225.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref76\">[76]<\/a> &#8211; \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0631\u060c \u062c\u064a\u0628\u0648\u062a\u064a\u060c \u063a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0646\u060c \u063a\u0627\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062c\u060c \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062c\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0648\u0644\u062a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref77\">[77]<\/a> &#8211; \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u062a\u064a\u0646\u060c 4 \u0648 27 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u064a\u062b\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 1963 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d\u0642.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref78\">[78]<\/a> &#8211; Benmassoud Tr\u00e9dano, le Sahara\u00a0 Marocaine, une d\u00e9colonisation pas comme les autres, imprimerie Maarif ElJadida, Rabat, 1991, p: 41.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref79\">[79]<\/a> &#8211; \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0629 20 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0637\u060c 1984\u060c \u0635: 150-151.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref80\">[80]<\/a> &#8211; T.Goudou, l\u2019OUA et l\u2019admission de la\u00a0 RASD le Mois en Afrique, octobre, novembre 1982, p\u00a0: 35.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref81\">[81]<\/a> &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u0642\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629&#8230; \u0646.\u0645.\u0633\u060c \u0635: 2001.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref82\">[82]<\/a> &#8211; \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u064a\u0633\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0636\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0639\u062f\u062f 69\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0632 1982\u060c \u0635: 164.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref83\">[83]<\/a>&#8211; E.Jouve, op, cit, p: 152.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref84\">[84]<\/a> &#8211; \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0646.\u0645.\u0633. \u0635: 150-151.<\/p>\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\" \/>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ednref1\"><strong>[i]<\/strong><\/a> &#8211; \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 1963 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0646\u064a.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1963\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0639\u062a \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u062f \u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627[i]\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\/\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0635\u0637\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0642\u062f\u062a \u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u062f \u062d\u0644 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641. \u0648\u062a\u062c\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":5120,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"cybocfi_hide_featured_image":"","iawp_total_views":1,"footnotes":""},"categories":[4,17],"tags":[55,87,120,202,270],"country":[],"class_list":["post-4448","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-afrikaar","category-geo-gov","tag-55","tag-87","tag-120","tag-202","tag-270"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/alafarika.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4448","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/alafarika.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/alafarika.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alafarika.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alafarika.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4448"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/alafarika.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4448\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alafarika.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/5120"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/alafarika.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4448"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alafarika.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4448"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alafarika.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4448"},{"taxonomy":"country","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alafarika.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/country?post=4448"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}