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href=\"#_edn20\"><strong>[xx]<\/strong><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00a0\u00a0 \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u062c\u0623 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0630 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a\u0636 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\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0633\u062e \u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0634 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0631. \u0641\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0623\u0633\u0643\u064a\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0648\u0648\u062f (1549-1582\u0645) \u062f\u062e\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0639\u062a\u064a: <em>\u00ab\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0635\u0646\u063a\u064a \u0648\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0633\u0644\u0643 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0632\u0644\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0647\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0634 \u0628\u0647\u0645\u00bb<\/em><a href=\"#_edn41\"><strong>[xli]<\/strong><\/a>\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0622\u062e\u0631<strong> <\/strong><em>\u00ab\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0646\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u062e\u0633\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0641\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u064a\u0621 \u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062e\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0644\u062f \u062a\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0645\u00bb<\/em><a href=\"#_edn42\"><strong>[xlii]<\/strong><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00a0 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627: <em>\u00ab\u0648\u0628\u062f\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0646\u0639\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0643\u0641\u0631\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0647\u0631\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0646\u0643\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631. \u0648\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0643\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0638\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u062e\u0631 \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u0641\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u062e\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645\u00bb<\/em><a href=\"#_edn43\"><strong>[xliii]<\/strong><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00a0 \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0635\u0646\u063a\u0627\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0636\u0639\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u062a \u0645\u062f\u0627\u062e\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0648\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u062f\u062a \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u064a \u063a\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a<a href=\"#_edn44\"><strong>[xliv]<\/strong><\/a>\u060c \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0634:<\/strong> &nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1- \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0635\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649\u060c \u062c5\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636\u0627\u0621\u060c 1954.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">2- \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u06392\u060c 1974.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">3- \u0642\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0628\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631(\u064210-11\u0647\/\u064216-17\u0645)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0637\u060c \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0638\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0642\u0645 41\u060c 1995.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">4- \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0633 \u0628\u064a\u0646: 668\u0647-1269\u0645 \u06481081\u0647-1670\u0645\u060c \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u0627\u0633\u060c<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0633\u0646\u0629 2007-2008. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">5- \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u062d\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 (\u064216\/\u064219\u0645)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0637\u060c \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629: \u0646\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0638\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0642\u064541\u060c 1995 . &nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">6- \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u064216\u0645\u060c \u062f.\u062f.\u0639.\u0645\u060c \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0637\u060c 1989.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">7- \u0639\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0649\u060c \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u06372\u060c 2003.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">8- \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u062f\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633\u060c \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0647\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0633\u060c 1964 .<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;&nbsp; 9- \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0632\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u060c \u0639260\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644-\u0645\u0627\u064a\u060c 1988.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">10- \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0622\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0621\u060c \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0637\u060c 1972.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">11- \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062f\u0646\u060c \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0624\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">12- \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0646\u0632\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0628\u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0630\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u06371\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636\u0627\u0621\u060c 1998.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">13- \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0648\u064a\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0632\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 1960.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">14- \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062d\u062c\u064a\u060c \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c 1992.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">15- \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0625\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0639 2004.&nbsp; &nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">16- \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u062c\u0647\u0648\u0644\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0633\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0632-\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0631\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0648 \u0633\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0627\u0644\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0635\u0627\u0628\u0631\u060c \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628- \u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0631\u060c 1994.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">17- \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0631\u0632\u0648\u0642\u060c \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u06291\u060c 1991. &nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">18- \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u062c\u0647\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0633\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0643 278\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0637.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">19- \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0643\u0639\u062a\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0634 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0634 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0646\u0634\u0631\u0647 \u0647\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0633\u060c 1964.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">20- Auguste Cour, Etablissement de la dynastie des ch\u00e9rifs au Maroc et leur rivalit\u00e9 avec les Turcs de la r\u00e9gence d\u2019Alger (1509-1830), Ed. Leroux, Paris 1904.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">21- Abdalla Laroui, L&#8217;histoire du Maghreb, Centre culturel Arabe, 2<sup>eme<\/sup> Ed, 2001.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">22- M.Abitbol, Tombouktou et les Armats (1591-1833), th\u00e8se Doctorat 3<sup>\u00e8me<\/sup> cycle, Paris, 1974 -75.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">23- Zakari Dramani issifou, L\u2019Afrique noire dans les relations internationales au XVIe Si\u00e8cle, analyse de la crise entre le Maroc et le Sonrhai, \u00e9dition Karthala, Paris, 1982.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ednref1\"><strong>[i]<\/strong><\/a><strong> <\/strong>&#8211; \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0646\u0632\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0628\u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0630\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u06371\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636\u0627\u0621 1998\u060c \u0635: 167.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ednref2\"><strong>[ii]<\/strong><\/a><strong> <\/strong>&#8211; \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0646\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628: \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u06392\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 1974. \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u062d\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 (\u064216\/\u064219\u0645)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u060c \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0637\u060c \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629: \u0646\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0638\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0642\u064541\u060c 1995\u060c \u0635:11-19.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8211; \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u062c\u0647\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0633\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0643 278\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0637\u060c \u0635: 11-14.<strong>[iii]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ednref4\"><strong>[iv]<\/strong><\/a> &#8211; Auguste Cour, Etablissement de la dynastie des ch\u00e9rifs au Maroc et leur rivalit\u00e9 avec les Turcs de la r\u00e9gence d\u2019Alger (1509-1830), Ed. Leroux, Paris 1904, p:155.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8211; \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646: \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0635\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u060c \u062c5\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636\u0627\u0621 1954\u060c \u0635: 27. <strong>[v]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0646\u0632\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0628\u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0630\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u06371\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636\u0627\u0621\u060c 1998\u060c \u0635: 79. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8211; \u062a\u0645 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628 (1557\u0645-1574\u0645)\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0628\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0648\u064a\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0632\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629[vi]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;&nbsp;1960.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8211; \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0633 \u0628\u064a\u0646: 668\u0647-1269\u0645 \u06481081\u0647-1670\u0645\u060c \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u064a\u0633-\u0641\u0627\u0633 <strong>[vii]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp; &nbsp;\u0633\u0646\u0629 2007-2008\u060c \u0635: 32.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8211; \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0646.\u0645.\u0633. \u0635: 33.<strong>[viii]<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><sup>9<\/sup><\/strong>&#8211; \u0646\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0644\u0642\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0631\u0642 \u0647\u062f\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u0642\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u062f\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0639\u062c\u0644 \u0628\u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u062b\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a. \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0647\u0629\u060c \u0635: 151. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ednref10\"><strong>[x]<\/strong><\/a><strong> <\/strong>&#8211; \u064a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0631\u0627\u062d \u0636\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0647\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631. \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062d\u062c\u064a\u060c \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 1992\u060c \u0635: 27-32.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ednref11\"><strong>[xi]<\/strong><\/a><strong> <\/strong>&#8211; \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u064216\u0645\u060c \u062f.\u062f.\u0639.\u0645\u060c \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0637 1989\u060c \u0635: 158-160.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0628\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631(\u064210-11\u0647\/\u064216-17\u0645)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0637\u060c \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0638\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0642\u0645 41\u060c 1995\u060c \u0635: 25-32. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ednref12\"><strong>[xii]<\/strong><\/a><strong> <\/strong>&#8211; \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u062c\u0647\u0648\u0644\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0633\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0632- \u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0631\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0648 \u0633\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0627\u0644\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0635\u0627\u0628\u0631\u060c \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0631\u060c 1994\u060c \u0635.\u0635: 13-14.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8211; \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u062c\u0647\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0646. \u0645. \u0633. \u0635: 15.<strong>[xiii]<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8211; \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u062c\u0647\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0646.\u0645.\u0633. \u0635.\u0635: 15- 85.<strong>[xiv]<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;&#8211; \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0646.\u0645.\u0633. \u0635:83-84.<strong>[xv]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ednref16\"><strong>[xvi]<\/strong><\/a><strong> <\/strong>&#8211; Zakari Dramani issifou, L\u2019Afrique noire dans les relations internationales au XVIe Si\u00e8cle, analyse de la crise entre le Maroc et le Sonrhai, \u00e9dition Karthala, Paris 1982, p: 78.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;&#8211; \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u062d\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0646.\u0645.\u0633. \u0635: 14.<strong>[xvii]<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;&#8211; \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635: 15.<strong>[xviii]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&#8211; \u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e \u0645\u062c\u0647\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0645 \u0633. \u0635: 39.<strong>[xix]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;&#8211; \u0646.\u0645.\u0633. \u0635: 41.<strong>[xx]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#8211; \u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0642\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0646.\u0645.\u0633. \u0635: 32. <strong>[xxi]<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#8211; \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0646.\u0645.\u0633. \u0635: 123. <strong>[xxii]<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&#8211; \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0632\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u060c \u0639260\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644-\u0645\u0627\u064a\u060c 1988\u060c \u0635: 139. <strong>[xxiii]<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ednref24\"><strong>[xxiv]<\/strong><\/a> &#8211; Abdalla Laroui, L&#8217;histoire du Maghreb, Centre culturel Arabe, 2<sup>eme<\/sup> Ed, 2001, p: 235.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;&#8211; \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0631\u0632\u0648\u0642\u060c \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u06291\u060c 1991\u060c \u0635: 132.<strong>[xxv]<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;&#8211; \u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e \u0645\u062c\u0647\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0645.\u0633. \u0635: 85. \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0625\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0639 2004\u060c \u0635: &nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>[xxvi]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 126.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#8211; \u0645\u062c\u0647\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0646.\u0645.\u0633. \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0646.\u0645.\u0633. \u0635: 127.<strong>[xxvii]<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;&#8211; \u0639\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0649\u060c \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u06372\u060c 2003\u060c \u0635: 83-84. <strong>[xxviii]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8211; Zakari Dramani Issifou, op, cit, p: 132.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ednref29\"><strong>[xxix]<\/strong><\/a><strong> <\/strong>&#8211; Zakari Dramani, op, cit, p: 129.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ednref30\"><strong>[xxx]<\/strong><\/a><strong> <\/strong>&#8211; Zakari Dramani, op, cit, p:134. M.Abitbol, Tombouktou et les Armats (1591-1833), th\u00e8se Doctorat 3<sup>\u00e8me<\/sup> cycle, paris 1974 -75, p:64.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;&#8211; \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062f\u0646\u060c \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0624\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u060c <strong>[xxxi]<\/strong> \u0645.\u0633. \u0635:15. \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u062d\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0646.\u0645.\u0633.\u0635: 16. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8211; \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u062f\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633\u060c \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0647\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0633\u060c 1964\u060c \u0635: 199. \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0649\u060c \u0646.\u0645.\u0633.\u0635: 85. <strong>&nbsp;<\/strong><strong>[xxxii]<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ednref33\"><strong>[xxxiii]<\/strong><\/a> &#8211; Zakari Dramani Issifou, op, cit, p: 144.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ednref34\"><strong>[xxxiv]<\/strong><\/a> &#8211; G.Pianel, &#8220;Les pr\u00e9liminaires de la conqu\u00eate du Soudan par Moulay Ahmed al-Mansur (d&#8217;apr\u00e8s trois documents in\u00e9dits)&#8221;, in Hesp\u00e9ris 1<sup>er<\/sup>, 2<sup>\u00e8me<\/sup> trimestre, 1953, pp.185 \u00e0 195, cit\u00e9 par Zakari Dramani Issifou, op, cit, p:107.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ednref35\"><strong>[xxxv]<\/strong><\/a> &#8211; Zakari Dramani Issifou, op, cit, p: 92.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0646.\u0645.\u0633. \u0635: 120. \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0646.\u0645.\u0633. \u0635: 120-121. <strong>[xxxvi]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ednref37\"><strong>[xxxvii]<\/strong><\/a> &#8211; Zakari issifou, op, cit, p: 109.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;&#8211; \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062f\u0646\u060c \u0646.\u0645.\u0633. \u0635:17.<strong>[xxxviii]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ednref39\"><strong>[xxxix]<\/strong><\/a>&#8211; Zakari Dramani Issifou, op, cit, p: 135.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;&#8211; \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0632\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0646.\u0645.\u0633\u060c \u0635: 147-148. <strong>[xl]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;&#8211; \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0643\u0639\u062a\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0634 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0634 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0646\u0634\u0631\u0647 \u0647\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0633\u060c 1964\u060c \u0635: 126.<strong>[xli]<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&#8211; \u0646.\u0645.\u0633. \u0635: 143.<strong>[xlii]<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0646.\u0645.\u0633. \u0635: 144. &nbsp;\u0643\u0639\u062a\u060c \u0646.\u0645.\u0633. \u0635: 152.<strong>[xliii]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;&#8211; \u0639\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0649\u060c \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0646. \u0645.\u0633. \u0635: 193.<strong>[xliv]<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621(\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u063a\u0627\u064a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629 \u0622\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0634\u0647\u062f \u064216\u0645 \u0635\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0646\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u062f\u0648\u0644 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":4443,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"cybocfi_hide_featured_image":"","iawp_total_views":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[125,126,141,143],"country":[],"class_list":["post-4441","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-afrikaar","tag-125","tag-126","tag-141","tag-143"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/alafarika.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4441","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/alafarika.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/alafarika.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alafarika.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alafarika.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4441"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/alafarika.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4441\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6829,"href":"https:\/\/alafarika.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4441\/revisions\/6829"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/alafarika.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4441"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alafarika.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4441"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alafarika.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4441"},{"taxonomy":"country","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alafarika.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/country?post=4441"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}